[Breaking news: now baked and commercialised. See the two [link]s added Feb 25 2023]
A parabolic [*shape disputed, see annos] reflector pointed at a clear night sky will tend to bring the temperature of a body at its focal point into equilibrium with the cold vastness of space, at approximately 3 kelvin. You can easily prove this at home with some reflectivey stuff and a bucket of water. You may even get it to freeze. [see link 1]
Cloudless desert nights can be icy icy cold, which anyone who's been to central Australia can testify.
I propose a passive home cooling and refrigeration system for hot, cloudless environments i.e. deserts.
A rooftop parabolic or compound parabolic [link 2] trough system, as known from solar thermal heating systems, is exposed to the night sky, pointing straight up, and used as a thermal emitter (radiator) rather than a thermal concentrator.
Through black tubes at the foci runs a fluid with a high thermal capacity and a low freezing point, perhaps a salt/water/ antifreeze mixture. These tubes converge into a manifold that runs to a storage tank, situated lower than the emitter plates. This in turn is connected via controlled valves to "radiators" in the rooms requiring cooling during the day, and by a separate (and separately regulated) line to a cool-room or refrigerator.
I say "radiators" because these will look much like (and may even be) the baseboard radiators seen in buildings with hot-water central heating, but will in fact be acting as thermal collectors ("emitting" cold) and will need to be high in the room where the hot air gathers, rather than low.
The heat gathered here causes the coolant to thermosiphon [3] through the system.
During the day, as desired by the inhabitants or by thermostat and solenoid, the valves between the cold storage tank and the room collectors are opened. The heated fluid from the rooms rises, taking the heat with it (or, to put it another way, the chilled coolant sinks to the rooms below, and absorbs heat) tending to equalise the temperatures of the room and the tank (or to put it another way, keeping you and your food, medicines, morgue inhabitants, etc cool in summer).
At night, the valves between the tank and rooftop radiators are opened, and thermosiphoning begins anew. The slightly warmed coolant rises into the black tubes. From here, the excess heat is dumped into space by radiation.
Insulated shutters come down over the radiators during the day to stop the coolant from boiling. Should the coolant freeze solid in the tubes, the shutters can be opened awhile.
Alternatively, one could under-fill and under-pressure the system and create a phase change heat pump [4] or heatpipe [5], where the fluid boils at the hottest point and re-condenses at the emitter. This would allow much more rapid heat transfer at the expense of more critical materials tolerances and seals.
Attainable temperatures will depend mainly on the freezing and boiling points of your chosen refrigerant. Liquid nitrogen should work nicely :) The size of your storage tank will depend on the area you wish to keep cool, local ambient temperatures, and the ratio between cloudy and clear nights in your location (reserve capacity).
Using more common fluids or water, this system could be built with standard plumbing and A/C parts, built and certified by any qualified refrigeration engineer, or home-brewed by hobbyists, survivalists, low-impacters and villagers. It is as applicable to skyscrapers in Houston as is is to medical clinics in Africa. It consumes no power and has no moving parts other than the valves.
It mitigates global warming two ways: indirectly, by displacing power-hungry active refrigeration, and directly, by heatsinking the Earth.-- BunsenHoneydew, Jul 28 2006 [1] Parabolic oven as freezer http://solarcooking.org/funnel.htmCooling effect near bottom of page [BunsenHoneydew, Jul 28 2006] [2] Compound parabola http://images.googl...fficial&sa=N&tab=wiImages of compound parabolic reflectors [BunsenHoneydew, Jul 28 2006] [3] Thermosiphon http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermosiphon [BunsenHoneydew, Jul 28 2006] [4] Phase change heat pump http://en.wikipedia...se_change_heat_pump [BunsenHoneydew, Jul 28 2006] [5] Heatpipe http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_pipe [BunsenHoneydew, Jul 28 2006] [6] Heat transfer and insulation http://en.wikipedia...ation#Heat_transfer [BunsenHoneydew, Jul 28 2006] [7] Conduction and Diffusion of Heat Energy http://en.wikipedia...sion_of_Heat_EnergySubsection of "Thermodynamic Temperature" article. Table near the top gives black body radiation data at various temperatures. [BunsenHoneydew, Jul 28 2006] [8] Thermal radiation: Interchange of energy http://en.wikipedia...terchange_of_energyskip the math unless that floats your hullaballoon [BunsenHoneydew, Jul 28 2006] [9] Black body radiation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_bodyLoads of maths. Read section #4: Radiation emitted by a human [BunsenHoneydew, Jul 28 2006] [10] Greenhouse Effect: Process http://en.wikipedia...ouse_effect#Processhow it works. [BunsenHoneydew, Jul 28 2006] Theoretical Evaluation of the NightCool Nocturnal Radiation Cooling Concept http://www.fsec.ucf...ihp/pubs/nightcool/I googled for "radiative cooling" and found a lot of interesting material. [baconbrain, Jul 29 2006] [12] Fluorophores http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorophore"...will absorb energy of a specific wavelength and re-emit energy at a different (but equally specific) wavelength." [BunsenHoneydew, Jul 29 2006] [13] Table Of Fluorochromes http://pingu.salk.edu/flow/fluo.htmlExcitation and emission wavelengths. To be investigated. [BunsenHoneydew, Jul 29 2006] (?) [14] Fluorochrome Peak Absorption and Emission Wavelengths http://www.biph.kie..._center/lasers.htmlAlso TBI [BunsenHoneydew, Jul 29 2006] IKECE IKECECan the ability to radiate be improved? [bungston, Jul 31 2006] Robbie Coltrane http://images.amazo...240_SCLZZZZZZZ_.jpg [monojohnny, Aug 02 2006] (?) Ludwig Boltzmann http://sol.sci.uop....r/heattransfer.html [monojohnny, Aug 02 2006] Albedo Effect. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlbedoCan someone clever see whether this has relevance here.. [monojohnny, Aug 02 2006] (?) Reflector sketches http://img161.image...lectorsketchct4.pngA parabolic mirror is the wrong shape for cooling. A pointed cone would be better. [bungston, Aug 04 2006] For [bungston] https://web.archive....htm_txt_p_foca.gifOnly reflects to itself at one point. (that's right, 14 years later and now I'm aiming at the wayback machine) [Worldgineer, Aug 04 2006, last modified Oct 11 2020] (?) Long wave (LW) emission on clear nights cools the http://www.ghcc.msf...emp_paper_final.pdfNASA Weather forcasting [joeatxdobs, Aug 16 2006] rate of transmission of black body radiation is limited by the size of the object and that it’s rate of transfer can not be increased by any combination of mirrors or reflectors. http://swiss.csail....affer/cool/cool.pdfEPA funded study Page #6 2nd Law of thermo dynamics [joeatxdobs, Aug 16 2006] Fridge Blimp Fridge_20Blimpthe enormous funnel of void, modularised. [BunsenHoneydew, May 21 2008] ground source heat pumps http://en.wikipedia...eothermal_heat_pumpfor bunsenHoneydew [metarinka, May 28 2010] Now for use in daytime hours http://engineering....dings-full-sunlightYou know.....for chills [4whom, Mar 29 2013] Same principle, for buildings http://www.economis...thout-costing-earth [Worldgineer, Feb 12 2017] Beaming heat into space could cut airconditioning costs https://cosmosmagaz...rconditioning-costsA team led by Stanford’s Eli Goldstein report in the journal Nature Energy on the creation of “fluid cooling panels that harness radiative sky cooling to cool fluids below the air temperature with zero evaporative losses, and use almost no electricity”. The panel is remarkably simple, using acrylic walls, polystyrene cover and insulation, and a plate heat exchanger through which water flows. By radiating and reflecting infrared radiation high into the atmosphere and beyond into outer space, the system effectively uses them as remote heat sinks. [BunsenHoneydew, Oct 30 2017] Experimental Device Generates Electricity From the Coldness of the Universe https://hardware.sl...ess-of-the-universe [xaviergisz, May 08 2019] Scientists Are Using the Cold of Outer Space To Rethink Air Conditioning https://hardware.sl...nk-air-conditioning [xaviergisz, Aug 06 2019] Patent US3355050A: Lunar Cryostat, by Neil P. Ruzic, filed 1964-09-02 https://patents.goo...m/patent/US3355050AMentioned in [baconbrain]'s and my annos [notexactly, Aug 13 2019] On Seeing Stars (especially up chimneys) http://adsabs.harva...1983QJRAS..24..246HFor [James Newton]: // I know from experience that if you lie at the bottom of a tall enough smoke stack, close up the opening so it is dark inside and wait for your eyes to adjust, you can see stars in the middle of the day. // Science says you can't. (Most scientific of many Google results saying this.) [notexactly, Aug 13 2019] A $30 Device Turns the Cold of Outer Space Into Renewable Energy https://science.sla...to-renewable-energy [xaviergisz, Sep 13 2019] Planetary Air Conditioning (skip to 16:00) https://youtu.be/9vRtA7STvH4Two methods: one is passive roof panels that radiate IR in a band where the atmosphere is transparent; the other is the Enormous Funnel Of Void [BunsenHoneydew, Feb 25 2023] SkyCool Systems https://www.skycoolsystems.com/This thread, baked and productised. [BunsenHoneydew, Feb 25 2023] Passive daytime radiative cooling https://en.wikipedi...e_radiative_cooling... a renewable cooling method proposed as a solution to global warming of enhancing terrestrial heat flow to outer space through the installation of thermally-emissive surfaces on Earth that require zero energy consumption or pollution. PDRC surfaces are designed to be high in solar reflectance and strong in longwave infrared (LWIR) thermal radiation heat transfer through the atmosphere's infrared window (8–13 µm) [BunsenHoneydew, Aug 20 2023] There is an obvious limit to how cold you can get, due to thermal conductivity with the atmosphere and earth around you, but this is wonderfully half-baked. +-- DrCurry, Jul 28 2006 Insulation, DrC, insulation.
Thanks for the [+].
Reading up on heatpipes was interesting. They are used for solar water heating in Antarctica!
The article mentions that they must be tuned (fluid choice, pressure) to specific temperature ranges. I wonder if a mixture of fluids with different BPs would allow a greater range.-- BunsenHoneydew, Jul 28 2006 [bigsleep] - There's no crime against thermodynamics here .
-10C might seem cold to us, but it's positively glowing - literally - compared to 3 degrees above absolute zero.
Radiant heat is infra-red light. Normally, a body's radiant loss is more-or-less matched by the radiant heat returned from items around it, and equilibrium is attained at what you or I would consider normal-ish temperatures.
But if you put a radiant barrier (and associated nonconductive insulation [6]) between the radiator pipes and the Earth, your house, etc, and focus it such that the only way is up, then the radiant heat is sent out into space (barring that blocked by the greenhouse effect - I think the lack of moisture in a desert helps here), and only the cosmic background radiation at 3 kelvin returns.
Which gives me a new name :)
If you doubt this, I suggest you try sleeping naked on top of a space blanket on a starry night in the middle of a large flat desert. You can literally feel the universe sucking the heat from your body.
Alternatively, read the links and elsewhere on thermodynamics.-- BunsenHoneydew, Jul 28 2006 Further thoughts:
Parabolic and straight up is the shortest path through the atmosphere, and minimises the greenhouse trapping, but as long as your reflector totally blocks line-of-sight to the Earth and associated objects, it should be partly effective.
A huge subterranean cistern could provide baseload for the summer months, collected over winter. This would require either active pumping, or building on a slope with a cavern uphill from the house. An insulated concrete water tank is another option.
/reads back/ Geez, I'm turning into Vernon, except with line breaks.
A self-contained refrigeration unit for remote communities could be constructed from a standard insulated food transport shipping container with a roof-mounted radiator. The storage tank would be unnecessary; the cool air and food inside the container would be the cold store. Temperatures would vary, but significant cooling would still be attained. An airlock door system would help.-- BunsenHoneydew, Jul 28 2006 I am reminded of something I once saw on tv - A scientific experiment from the stupid ages in which a reflective dish was made and filled with ice, in the hope that the cold would be reflected to a point.
Sadly it was too far back for me to remember whether it was serious or a comedy thing - a long search on t'internet reveals nothing.-- fridge duck, Jul 28 2006 I read a book on potential Lunar industries that mentioned cooling reflectors. I think the author had a patent. I'll see if I can find something. [+]
[Later] Neil Ruzic, it was, but the patent was issued before 1976, so the patent site doesn't have it. "Where The Winds Sleep" was the name of the book.-- baconbrain, Jul 28 2006 //are you really going to get any more refrigeration than the ambient temperature//
Yes. See the first link, and the sixth.
Heat transfer to/from ambient air is mostly by conduction and convection. You insulate against that. All you have left is radiant transfer, and you point that into the void.
It's not energy from daily temp differential - it's energy *dumping* from here to the chilly, diffuse embers of the big bang. This is how space probes, ships and stations dump excess heat, except they have no need to focus the effect.-- BunsenHoneydew, Jul 28 2006 [ungentlemanly tone excised]
Read the heat transfer and insulation link. Then read link [8]. Make sure you get the difference between radiation, conduction and convection.
Link [8] probably sums it up best.
Of course, you're never going to get close to 3k, for the reason [DrC] gave in the first anno, and because of the atmosphere. But the greenhouse gases only absorb a proportion of the IR, and of that, half is re-radiated into space, and most of the rest misses the path back to the dish. Even if it's 95% inefficient, we're talking about a nearly 300k temperature differential to work with.
When conduction and convection are insulated against, black body radiation becomes the main source of heat transfer, assuming it is not also insulated against.
//when the sun rises there will be shit load of radiation coming from all directions, so shirley this a day/night energy differential idea ?//
No, it's an Earth/space energy differential idea. If you're still doubtful, grab two thermometers, a cardboard box, a space blanket and a black bucket and repeat the experiment given in the first link.
But your question brings up an interesting point. I suspect that if the focus was tight enough, ie at the bottom of a deep, steep sided parabolic well, this would still work in the daytime. After all, space is still as cold as it was last night.-- BunsenHoneydew, Jul 28 2006 In an ideal system, and if you wanted to achieve scarily low temperatures, you would transmogrify the wavelength of the emitted radiation to outside the greenhouse-attenuated range. I'm a bit lost for a mechanism here - something like the coating on fluorescent tubes, but tuned for IR, perhaps. /edit/ Or lazerrrrrrs
Anyone with superior physics fu care to chime in?
<bad_lip_sync>"Your dancing heisenberg style cannot defeat my drunken bohr. Ha ha ha! I laugh at your theoretical underpinnings!"</b_l_s>
[fridge duck] - sounds like it would be more effective to surround the object with a sphere of ice, so the object can dump heat equally in all directions. "Cold" is not a form of radiant energy, although back in the stupid ages people thought it was a fluid called phlogiston.-- BunsenHoneydew, Jul 29 2006 [baconbrain] Pooty poot poot. I Googled for variations of "night-sky cooling" and didn't find that.
It's close, but it doesn't insulate the radiator from ambient air. It's closer to a day/night ambient temp system than an Earth/space system, although it has an element of that. The formulas under "Description of..." look useful, and when I've had some sleep I'll have a closer look at them.-- BunsenHoneydew, Jul 29 2006 Coldness cannot 'suck' radiant heat.
But this may work if you could build an enormous funnel of void between the radiator and space, bypassing the Earth's atmosphere.
... do you think you could do that?
I have half a bag of cement and a few sticks in my shed you can have, if it's any help.-- 7ennyn, Jul 29 2006 //Coldness cannot 'suck' radiant heat.//: I didn't mean that literally. It's like "centrifugal" force. Figure of speech.
//But this may work if you could build an enormous funnel of void ... bypassing the Earth's atmosphere.//: Lazerrrs man, laaaazeeerrrrs. And my next album is going to be called "Enormous Funnel of Void"
The key phrase in [baconbrain]'s link seems to be "effective sky temperature". This sums the CBE with the radiant heat from the atmosphere, far as I can see.
//[excised]//: I apologise for the tone [baconbrain]. That applies equally to my opinion of course. Your argument does have a point, and I will have to check in with the universe and get back to you all anon.
Meanwhile, it occurs to me that I've learned an enormous amount about physics, thermodynamics, materials science, quantum mechanics, electronics, politics, economics and so on from posting, annotating, arguing and researching here at the HB. It's like a Steiner school for mad engineers.
That and sleep deprivation is great for halfbaking, but not so great for maths.-- BunsenHoneydew, Jul 29 2006 //enormous funnel of void//: A heatpipe up the middle of the space elevator? Or hanging from a high-altitude, radiator-carrying blimp?-- BunsenHoneydew, Jul 29 2006 //A huge subterranean cistern could provide baseload for the summer months, collected over winter. This would require either active pumping, or building on a slope with a cavern uphill from the house. An insulated concrete water tank is another option.//
Wouldn't it be nice if we could store the heat from summer and use it in the winter to heat the house, and "store" the "cold" (manner of speaking) from winter and use it in summer to cool the house? Unfortunately, I don't think we have something with enough heat capacity (mass) that can be stored with a house. You need an small ocean for that.
I like your idea. I have no idea if it could work. Can't you build a small model and try it out? Even nicer if the reflector could be used for both cooling and heating.
Shouldn't this idea be called Cosmic Background Air Conditioning?
Thank you for the great links, especially the first.-- jmvw, Jul 29 2006 The cosmic background radiation "has a thermal 2.725 kelvin black body spectrum" (from Wikipedia), but the effective temperature even with an //enormous funnel of void// (I've got to work that into a conversation somehow) would be higher due to stars and such. Effective sky temperature appears to be only 10 to 20 degrees colder than ambient, which is still cold enough to be useful. You aren't going to make liquid nitrogen with this, but (+).
//enough heat capacity// There's a (baked) method where external insulation is extended a few metres into the ground around a building, effectively giving hundreds of cubic metres of thermal mass rather cheaply, as dirt.-- spidermother, Jul 29 2006 This is one of these ideas that sounds insane when proposed, but I suspect will sound like old hat in fifty years when concepts like this have been refined. Give Beaker a holiday when the orders start coming in.-- wagster, Jul 29 2006 I'm pretty sure this would work as described; my only concern is the cost. The thermal storage unit is the one that is most expensive, I think, because it must be both large and very well insulated. I would love to hear comments on how one makes such a thing without breaking the bank. I don't see any links or significant discussion on that part of the system.-- James Newton, Jul 31 2006 The parabolic idea is nonsense. All of the sky visible to the body is irradiating it, and focusing the heat radiation of the body back into the sky does nothing at all. So this is no better than putting the body in a reflective, insulated bucket. In other words, highly baked.-- ldischler, Jul 31 2006 //Effective sky temperature appears to be only 10 to 20 degrees colder than ambient, which is still cold enough to be useful.// That's what I love about halfbaking: you start with something completely wacky, "no you can't" "yes you can" "no y- hey what about this?" "oooooo that might work"
The system in [baconbrain]'s link is definitely cheap and simple to set up, and if the effective difference is only 10 to 20 degrees (was that C or F [spidermother]?) then chuck all the complicated plumbing.
If I can dig up a fluorophore that can give me two greenhouse-invisible photons for every near-IR one, this might still be worth pursuing.
//Wouldn't it be nice if we could store the heat from summer ... I don't think we have something with enough heat capacity // I've heard or read somewhere of people building basements full of loose granite rocks (bluestone) and pumping solar heated air through it. That should have a fair heat capacity.
//Even nicer if the reflector could be used for both cooling and heating.// Yes I thought about that too - but my idea was already turning into the Illiad and I needed a break. Install a second, uphill storage tank/heat exchanger, tilt the panel to a sun-friendly angle and open a second set of valves.
Another variation would be shutters in the insulation around the radiator that allow cold night air in, then close when you want to take advantage of the infra- red dumping for the last few degrees of cooling.-- BunsenHoneydew, Jul 31 2006 I like the idea, but can we just gently go through a thought experiment for a moment pls?
Two metal objects float in the void - nothing else exists anywhere, except for these two objects.
They are made of some special alloy that allows them to change shape (parabolic etc), but lets just imagine them being cylindrical for the moment.
They're also at some temperature - whatever you like, +50C, +50K, whetever. Only they're at slightly different temperatures (say 100K different).
The question, is the amount of radiation they emit a function of anything other than their temperature?
What if you surround with some insulating substance? Or a shiny, reflective material?
Whatever you do, the radiation they emit remains the same (it might be reabsorbed in the case of the reflective materials, keeping the bar warmer for longer). Their IR brightness remains a function of their temperature relative to Absolute Zero, not relative to their surroundings, their neighbours, or the amount of ambient radiation present in the ether.
What's surprising is that the ONLY way for the objects in this situation to lose energy, is through radiation.
That's not to say this idea doesn't work, just the cooling properties have nothing to do with the temperature differnetial between the earth and space. Yes, there is energy transfer, yes the energy is being beamed out into the void - but you could beam it at anything you want, and you should recieve the same levels of local cooling.
Perhaps, with enough of these devices, all beaming their extra energy to a single, focal point, you might be able to raise the temperature of something by a few degrees - but no more or less energy will be transferred than if you aimed it straight up at the night (or day) sky.-- zen_tom, Jul 31 2006 ok....forgive me here....I don't get how this works at all...
According to wikipedia , a heat sink is ".. an environment or object that absorbs heat from another object using thermal contact (in either direct or radiant contact)."
So, I guess that outerspace here counts as the "environment" and I guess the "Thermal Contact" is in "radiant contact"...(ie you can 'beam' infrared radiation to it?)
So far , I kinda (in a pub conversation way) understand....
What's bugging me can be summed up in these three questions:
"how does the outer space *know* that the device is hotter than it" ?
"Once you connected this up, what would stop it radiating all of the Earth's heat?"
"What happens when something gets in the way? Like the atmosphere or an asteroid, or a passing bird?"-- monojohnny, Jul 31 2006 Mono, the answers are: 1. It doesn't, no more than water knows to go downhill. 2. Don't worry about it. All bodies radiate all the time, depending on the emissivity and the fourth power of temperature. 3. When something gets in the way, then it's a three body problem, not yours.-- ldischler, Jul 31 2006 [ldischler]
Thanks for that :-)
Seriously though; using the water analogy : although water doesn't *know* to go down hill, there is still something tangible that 'attracts' it downhill..
I guess I mis-understood something here - I thought the coldness of a spot in space was a factor here; I guess its not; its just somewhere to aim....-- monojohnny, Jul 31 2006 //there is still something tangible that 'attracts' it downhill//Nothing attracts heat, but all things radiate, so it's a matter of balance--heat being absorbed minus heat being radiated. The sun warms the earth and the earth re-radiates that heat away. If it didn't, we'd quickly cook. That space is *cold* is just a convenient fiction. It seems cold only because it isn't a source of photons (except for starlight and the remnant energy from the big bang). Which is why the parabolic reflector is nonsense. To cool the body it is only necessary to block incoming photons while allowing outgoing photons to escape to the night sky (which has a low effective temperature). It doesn't matter that they escape in a specific direction, so focusing them is pointless.Another point Bunsen misses is that the body won't get any colder than the reflector, so that has to be well insulated. Conduction and convection are also transmitting heat, and far more effectively than radiation at ambient temperature. If the reflector is warmed by convection from the back side, it will radiate from the front side, warming the body. But the reflector is actually unnecessary. All you need is a block of Styrofoam with a hollow in the top. Fill it with water and expose it to the desert sky on a night when there's no breeze, making sure that the surface of the water can see nothing but sky. The water will get cold, sure, but as a radiator, the set-up is inefficient, as the equivalent patch of desert sand will radiate much more heat to the sky.-- ldischler, Jul 31 2006 This explains why my eyeballs keep freezing when I look into a telescope.-- Heathera, Jul 31 2006 So is this a big radiator or a big fridge ?
Or both.
Or is it a big Thermos flask with a radiator at the end....?-- monojohnny, Jul 31 2006 I'm really impressed. I really didn't believe the effect would be noticeable, but it appears to be actually useful. Blimey. (unless the internet is lying to me... but nah, it would never do that, would it?)-- moomintroll, Jul 31 2006 I have never been able to find a link, but I have a book showing a diagram of an ice wall.
"Ice walls, another ancient method of passive cooling, had been used in the deserts of the Middle East & In the East Indies up to the early part of this century (book published 1978) to make ice during nonfreezing weather. The long east- & west-oriented earth walls prevent direct solar gain on shallow troughs of water located on the shaded north side. At night, the water radiates long-wave heat energy to deep space. The ice wall allows air stratification in the wind shadow. Insulation of the trough from the earth isolates the water from the ground temperature. Buttresses, perpendicular to the wall, structurally reinforce it & prevent solar gain from the east & west, helping to still air movement. Two or more parallel ice walls also aid air stratification between them. Temperatures well below ambient air are possible." - Natural Solar Architecture, a passive primer, David Wright (is there a convention for sighting things in this media?) The next page of the book also mentions Dew Ponds in England which can have similar effects under certain conditions when covered during the day.
The parabolic reflector seems odd to me, but I am not well scienced enough to know if it actually will reflect something to aid cooling.-- Zimmy, Jul 31 2006 / The question, is the amount of radiation they emit a function of anything other than their temperature? /
[Vernon]'s IKECE idea bandies about these questions. Linked.
I suspect that the parabolic mirror would work better if it were black, since that would better absorb heat radiated down from the focal point object instead of reflecting it back onto the object. I agree with [ldischler] about the reflective insulated bucket, except I think it should be black, not reflective. Reflective outside would be good.-- bungston, Jul 31 2006 Aha, so Vernon is creating an electrostatically assisted radiator - very nifty.
Going back to the two objects in space described earlier(minus a Vernon-style amp-Radiator), they ought to be equally radiative in all directions. i.e. if you look at them from any angle, the IR illumination coming from them is going to be the same.
This time, the question is whether there is a way, by changing their shape (by forming some kind of parabolic radiator as described here)or by bolting on some self-contained device (as per Vernon's idea), that you can get the bodies to emit their radiation in a specific direction?
And if so, in the vacuum of space, mightn't this qualify as a form of propulsion?-- zen_tom, Aug 01 2006 Changed my - to a +. This is sort of like holding a parasol over your head on a sunny day. But this parasol is upside down shielding you from you hot earth glow. Would be interesting to see if the parabola shape is much more efficient than a bucket shape. And yes reflective to heat would be better than black, since you want that heat sent out and on its way, not heating up the reflector.-- Heathera, Aug 01 2006 Is there a consensus yet on whether the parabolic-reflector here is any benefit ?
And if so why? (I guess a valid explanation could be: with the beam focused somewhere, this would minimize conductive / convective heating to the surrounding air?)
Apologies to all the people who actually have a grasp on Thermodynamic principles here for asking such a basic question....-- monojohnny, Aug 01 2006 //Which is why the parabolic reflector is nonsense//
Hmmm so there is a difference between radiance and conductance (of heat)...
There is also a difference between using a parabolic mirror (without glass) and placing an object on a flat mirror (without glass) --- in the second scenario conductance is used to help cool the object sitting on it...
No doubt it works better though... (not because of the shape but because the mirror touches the object and the mirror is more conductant and radiant)
If the edges of the flat mirror where bent upwards (parabolic) then they would shield the object --- from any radiance except the night sky (which is dark at present).
Hmmm looks like [ldischler] made a mistake... [I would make the object touch the mirror though].-- madness, Aug 01 2006 We have emperical evidence that the parabolic reflector /does/ work and allows water to be frozen on an otherwise non-freezing night. Read the first link in the section about cooling. Ice from water on a 46'F night.
The question is how to cool enough material to air condition the home or whatever all the next day. How much mass is reqired, what substance will be low cost and work well, how do we insulate that mass, how do we transfer the heat from the house to the mass?
The transfer of the heat from the mass into space is demonstratibly baked. The rest is what is still dough.-- James Newton, Aug 01 2006 [Heathera] that was a most elegant summary. Even I could understand that.-- moomintroll, Aug 01 2006 //how do we transfer the heat from the house to the mass//
A simple way might be to have cooled water pumped from the "radiator" into storage barrels in the house just prior to sunrise. At sunset the water from the barrels that have heated due to balancing with the house temperature can be pumped back into the radiator. Ha Ha. I forgot. This looks to be pretty much like what [BunsenHoneydew] suggested.-- Zimmy, Aug 01 2006 //We have emperical evidence that the parabolic reflector /does/ work and allows water to be frozen on an otherwise non-freezing night. Read the first link in the section about cooling. Ice from water on a 46'F night.//Which just shows you don't know the difference between a cone and a parabola.-- ldischler, Aug 01 2006 Just realized - it's apparently a common feature of houes in North Africa to have tall, narrow courtyards walled on all sides specifically designed to catch cold air during the night and help cool the building during the day. Presumably they also take advantage of this effect.-- moomintroll, Aug 01 2006 quantum physicists: Would the radiator being only be emitting infra-red at specific frequencies here?
Can we control which frequencies get emitted ? I guess we need as a wide as bandwidth as possible to increase efficiency?-- monojohnny, Aug 02 2006 //It's like a Steiner school for mad engineers.// Laughed 'til my eyes bled at that , I did, [BHD].-- m_Al_com, Aug 02 2006 Hello, physicist here.
Two things. 0) Yes, putting an object into a vacuum flask and shading it from the ground will cool it. 1) It doesn't make a difference whether it's a parabola or a bucket. As long as all of the reflection is coming from dark sky, who cares whether it's a small, in- focus patch of dark sky? 2) The device won't actually cool to 3K. At optical frequencies, the object will pick up power from starlight. I'd guess that this would equilibrate out to a few dozen K. Build your device in a crater on the lunar North Pole and you'll get this. On Earth, though, the atmosphere itself is at 200K or so, and it's opaque---and radiates in all directions---in the far infrared. This will limit the ultimate temperature of the device.-- bm-gub, Aug 02 2006 Bun for this. [+]
( I still don't understand it really ! But its an interesting idea and the other posters seem to say it will work ! )-- monojohnny, Aug 02 2006 //who cares whether it's a small, in- focus patch of dark sky//
That is not the point - a bucket will do what it is meant to and hold the radiant heat (i.e. reflect it back to the object)... - a parabola will do what it is meant to and direct the radiant heat upwards and outwards...
[ I am still not convinced it works in practice though --- will have to isolate the atmosphere --- ever seen that movie perfect storm ?
For example if you happened to point an infrared temperature sensor into a just opened freezer you will notice the temperature rapidly rise from -8 to 0 degrees C --- this is due to the convection of air.
Convection being the 3rd process driven by heat that applies to this idea
Umm was just thinking putting the thing in a vacuum would tend to decrease boiling temperatures... Oh well that is a different story.]-- madness, Aug 02 2006 //That is not the point//The conceptual mistake you’re making is this: the insulated bucket (no matter what shape) and the object inside it will reach the same temperature. And if they’re at the same temperature, the geometry doesn’t make any difference.-- ldischler, Aug 02 2006 //geometry doesn’t make any difference//
Yeah it does --- radiance is dependent on surface area thats why radiators and tooth brushes are different shapes.
The cooler thingy needs to isolate incoming radiance and direct outgoing radiance away from the object --- so geometry is just as important as oral hygene-- madness, Aug 02 2006 I bow to your superior knowledge of the thermodynamics of oral hygiene.-- ldischler, Aug 02 2006 //Thats why radiators and tooth brushes are different shapes//
Don't about much about the heat-dissapation properties of toothbrushes; but radiators are shaped the way they are to help with convection not radiation....
From Wikipedia "The term is somewhat of a misnomer, as radiators in buildings transfer the majority of their heat not by radiation, but by convection."-- monojohnny, Aug 02 2006 Is it possible to polarize Infrared light ?
If so an LCD screen (perhaps) could (maybe) be used to allow vertically polarized infra-red to escape, whilst blocking (most) incoming non-polarized infrared light....-- monojohnny, Aug 02 2006 What you have created could be termed a "source-avoidance bolometer". Yes, the parabolic shape will help keep you from accidentally getting inputs from first magnitude stars, the full moon, passing jets, etc...-- lurch, Aug 02 2006 ldischler, you're thinking about blackbodies in equilibrium. This system is neither a blackbody nor in equilibrium. You have a small, hot, black object. Does it warm or cool? This depends on the difference between the total energy of radiation incident on it, and the total energy of radiation emitted from it. Emitted: thermal spectrum at the body's own temperature. Incident from above: night-sky radiation. Incident from below: night-sky radiation bouncing off a mirror, plus thermal radiation from the mirror itself. What's the thermal radiation from a room-temperature mirror? Much, much less than a blackbody of the same temperature. The mirrors of the Gemini telescope have an emissivity of about 2%---that's how they can use the telescope to see mid-infrared light, otherwise they'd never see anything but their own mirror. As long as the night sky (plus atmosphere, plus mirror) radiation fluxes add up to less than the object's blackbody flux, the object will cool.-- bm-gub, Aug 02 2006 Ok, I think this specific point is incorrect...
//[this device] will attempt to bring the temperature of a body at its focal point into equilibrium with the cold vastness of space//
The dish cannot know *anything* to do with the temperature difference between the radiator and some coordinate out there somewhere in deep space. (assuming it to be far away - and in fact changing..)
It would constitute 'spooky action at a distance' - ie) in violation of special relativity.
Maybe.
It will still work however - as it seems though from the discussions here that in fact, the dish should be pointed somewhere with the lowest 'density' of radiation is coming from. (As not to _gain_ additional heat from a radiation source).
Is the Earth as a whole really losing more energy here than it would otherwise ? (I thought about this for a few minutes and 'yes' is what I came up with - because insulation can obviously slow-down heat loss; apologies again to more physics-savvy bakers...)-- monojohnny, Aug 02 2006 True enough, bm-gub, though it should make no practical difference to radiative transfer if the mirror is a tub or a parabolic. On the other hand, placing the object in a deep cone or well should work better as it would minimize convection.-- ldischler, Aug 02 2006 Just noticed a slight and slightly amusing resemblance between Ludwig Boltzmann (Austrian physicist famous for his founding contributions in the fields of statistical mechanics and statistical thermodynamics) and TV's 'Cracker' portrayed by Robbie Coltrane.
(links added)-- monojohnny, Aug 02 2006 Sorry if I'm repeating an argument (I've only been half-following the discussion). If we neglect convection*, wouldn't a parabolic dish be the best option simply because the hot object won't "see" itself from most directions? Take the tub example. Directly under the hot body heat is reflected back to itself. The same is true for a ring diagnally downward from the hot body, using the cone model.
*which I know we shouldn't, but without detailed design we can't debate the mirror shape's effect on that much-- Worldgineer, Aug 02 2006 Wouldn't then a hemisphere be the best candidate for not 'seeing itself' ?-- monojohnny, Aug 02 2006 Ha! With the object at the center, it sees only itself in the mirror.-- ldischler, Aug 02 2006 I thought the 'object' was the dish.....?-- monojohnny, Aug 02 2006 [BunsenHoneyDew] - can you draw a picture of this...-- monojohnny, Aug 02 2006 Wow. I'm loving the amount of intelligent annotation this one is kicking up. I'll attempt to answer and comment on some of the points raised.
[JamesNewton] //The thermal storage unit is the one that is most expensive, I think, because it must be both large and very well insulated.// A propane/LPG tank should do, with added insulation of your choice. Of course all refrigerant plumbing will need to be insulated as well.
[zen_tom] //but you could beam it at anything you want, and you should recieve the same levels of local cooling.// Not so. Whatever you beam it at will beam its own radiant heat straight back at you. Also [monojohnny] yes, it's just somewhere to aim that radiates back a significantly lower amount of energy than the object puts out.
[idischler] //block incoming photons while allowing outgoing photons to escape// Hmm. Any physicists want to comment on the possibility of an IR one way mirror?
Parabolic vs not: I wonder about the effect of focussing as much of the energy as possible into a small arc of the greenhouse-absorbing atmosphere, vs spreading it wide across the sky.
[Worldgineer] seems to have pointed out the real advantage, which didn't occur to me: //the hot object won't "see" itself from most directions// To take care of the small area at the base which reflects back to the tube, use a compound parabola [link] The first image on that page is the closest to the picture in my head [moomintroll]. And make the curve as steep as possible.
[idischler] //the body won't get any colder than the reflector, so that has to be well insulated. ... as a radiator, the set-up is inefficient// Darn good point that first one. The reflector will need to be well insulated, and perhaps the refrigerant can be run behind it to cool it as well. Whether that is best done before or after the central tube is a mystery to me right now.
Evacuating the space between the central tube and the reflector would help with conductive insulation.
Uh, isn't not being a source of photons the definition of cold? If you're distant from or shaded from a nice big hot sun, then it's pretty cold out there, no?
A cone is an imperfect parabola.
[zen_tom] //And if so, in the vacuum of space, mightn't this qualify as a form of propulsion?// Would you mind if I spin this off into another idea? I will credit your inspiration of course.
[Heathera] Brilliant summary!
[madness] //I would make the object touch the mirror though// Hmmmyesss. I could see how that would help. Use conduction to drag heat out of the pipe and radiate it away. That would also solve the problem of the reflector being a heat source.
Or just make the tube into a double walled parabola, silver and insulated on the outer side, and black on the inner.
[monojohnny] //frequency// The frequency is directly related to the absolute temperature. Unfortunately most of the frequencies we're dealing with here are opaque to the atmosphere's greenhouse gases. Hence my brainwave about flourescing these down to lower frequencies outside the greenhouse-opaque band. I -think- that should allow you to truly exploit the temp diff with space, and not just the night sky.-- BunsenHoneydew, Aug 03 2006 [monojohnny] I've changed //attempt// to //tend// to remove the anthropomorphising implied attribution of intentionality.
I realise that the //heatsink the earth// effect of this setup is trivial, compared to the GHG savings.-- BunsenHoneydew, Aug 03 2006 //it occurs to me that I've learned an enormous amount about ... //
Not to mention punctuation :P-- BunsenHoneydew, Aug 03 2006 //Would you mind if I spin this off into another idea?// Spin away! I put it forward as a kind of 'if x then y' implication of directed radiation (which I'm still not sure I believe in)
If it is possible then there ought to be a shape(perhaps a cone, or hollow-cone-type shape) that, given a suitable heat source, is capable of self propulsion through heat emission, leading to the potentiality of objects occupying powered and otherwise impossible orbits around hot objects.-- zen_tom, Aug 03 2006 Great stuff...
although I don't know whether this is actually true:
//isn't not being a source of photons the definition of cold?//
I think there is a subtle difference between the definition of temperature and heat...
A flask of hot coffee would still be hot (if measured from inside the coffee), but not a great source of photons (if measured from outside the flask).-- monojohnny, Aug 03 2006 I've just had an 'aha' moment.
Up till now for some reason I'd been thinking of the parabolic reflector as a true radiator - i.e. something that emits radiation due to its temperature.
But that's (now) clearly not the case - what we have is a hot body who's radiative energy is being directed away by our parabolic *reflector*.-- zen_tom, Aug 03 2006 //You have a small, hot, black object. Does it warm or cool//
A black body has an emissivity of 1 ie it will not cool
A mirror has an emissivity near 0 ie it will cool quickly. That is why mirrors feel cold to the touch --- compared to say the wall they are hanging on...
The fact a mirror reflects is due to its geometry --- it is very smooth.
Jim cackles-- madness, Aug 03 2006 I think the shape of the reflector isn't a major factor in this. The reflector acts as a heat shield here, shielding your "hot body" from the IR radiation of the surroundings. That reduces the heat recieved by the hot body. The heat radiated by it to the reflector will either be reflected or re-radiated outward (to your cold sink) or re-radiated towards the hot body. The parabola will prevent reflection back to the hot body because of it's shape, but how much it affects heat loss depends on the reflectance/emissivity ratio for the reflector (in IR wavelengths). If the emissivity were very low and the reflectance very hign, it could become significant.
The "cold sink" - the night sky, because it's IR opaque, will act like a black body with a temperature above the cosmic background temp. Heat rejected upwards is going to be related to something like: {integral of dT/dz}^4*{integral of de/dz}, e being emissivity in IR, z being height from 0 to some arbitrary edge of atmosphere. So it'll be colder than ambient, but warmer than space. If you then had a perfect reflector (zero emissivity), it effectively doubles the heat exchange area, but you still can't get colder than your effective sink temperature.-- Frankx, Aug 04 2006 The advantage of the shiny parabola is that you're collecting energy from only the coldest thinnest slice of the atmosphere - straight up.-- Heathera, Aug 04 2006 /what we have is a hot body who's radiative energy is being directed away by our parabolic *reflector*./
I think a parabola is the wrong shape. Consider some water to be cooled which is radiating away its heat, "cold" space with no radiation, and warm Earth with much radiation. What object to put between water and earth to maximize cooling of the water? Let us assume zero convection, zero conduction.
1: The object should have maximum emissivity, which is just a function of reflectivity. So it is a mirror.
2: The object should block radiation from the Earth to the water. Many things would suffice - a bucket, a big flat sheet, etc.
3: The object should minimize reflection of heat emitted from the water back to the water. A parabolic mirror is the wrong shape for this. It is designed to collect incoming radiation and concentrate it back to a point. In the linked experiments where they made ice, placing the water to be cooled at the focal point would maximize its exposure to radiation emitted from the water itself and reflected off the dish.
I think a cone would work better. I have linked up my first HB sketch. As the water emits radiation, only that which strikes the tip of the cone will come back to the object. All other radiation from the water will be reflected away.
As regards nonreflected "blackbody" radiation from the object, I do not think shape matters since each point on the surface will radiate heat equally in all directions.-- bungston, Aug 04 2006 Ah, but your cone won't block radiation form surroundings unless you increase the angle to the point of being a flat surface. Assuming your hot body is small compared to the reflecting surface, the hot body will only reflect back to itself at one point using a parabola. I'll link to a picture of that.
I could imagine a small cone at the base of the parabola to account for the hot body not actually being a dimensionless point.-- Worldgineer, Aug 04 2006 /Ah, but your cone won't block radiation form surroundings/
It depends how far the water to be cooled is from the earth. In a space situation (hot body, reflector and sun/planet) it would be possible to accomplish this using a cone because the base of the cone need only be large enough to eclipse the sun/planet in question.
With a backyard type setup, you are right because the hot body (the water) is too close to the earth. To eclipse the earth, the base of the cone must be impracticably large.-- bungston, Aug 04 2006 I'm new guy.
A friend made a 2' cube out of 4" thick blue styrofoam with a hinged front door and afixed to the cieling of the interior a "several" inch deep stainless steel pan filled with water - interior heat sink.
He pulled the center of a 50' coil of copper tubing upward to form a spiral cone "christmas tree" and conected the top and bottom of the tree with a vertical coper tube and either filled it with water or made it into a spiraled heat pipe (don't remember).
He installed it with the larger bottom most coils in the pan of water,the top smaller radius portions of the coil being above, outside of, the top surface of the cube.
He put it in the desert, put his beer inside, closed the door and the beer got cold.
Will your cones etc, make his beer meaninguflly colder.-- lumbergoofie, Aug 04 2006 It seems appropriate that something blue should have a cieling.-- bungston, Aug 04 2006 This is HB R&D at its best. I just had to change my [-] to a [+]! ( = an extra half a croissant! )-- 7ennyn, Aug 04 2006 This is getting to the point where we need some half-baked experiments to get real half-baked results. Go find some buckets, spray foam, tinfoil, thermometers and at least three beers. The control beer rests on the ground overnight, the others get trapped inside various contraptions in the hopes that their heat will be sucked into space. Go on, do it, I dare you.-- Heathera, Aug 04 2006 Good call [Heathera]. I think we need a third set of beer cans, so we can test for parabolic vs any-shape reflectors. And maybe a fourth, so we can compare with night-air cooling, like [lumbergoofie] friend's system, and the system [baconbrain] linked.
I think I agree with you about straight up along the shortest path through the atmosphere being optimal, but I'm fuzzy on the logic there and willing to be proved wrong.
A true parabola is the right shape to prevent self-reflection only when dealing with a theoretical point source. As the pipe has significant width, we would need to use a compound parabola. If you look at the first image in the "compound parabola" link above, you'll see it combines [Worldgineer's] //small cone at the base of the parabola// with parabolic curves either side.
It's late winter here in Australia; perfect time for some baking.-- BunsenHoneydew, Aug 05 2006 When I first read this idea, I thought "no, that can't be right", but thanks to all the discussion, particularly [heathera]'s "coldest, thinnest slice of atmosphere", I'm convinced - a compound parabolic reflector could achieve really low temperatures on a clear night.
I love this place, I'm learning all the time. "Steiner for mad engineers" - brilliant.
Have a gently radiating croissant.-- Frankx, Aug 08 2006 "A parabolic reflector pointed at a clear night sky will tend to bring the temperature of a body at its focal point into equilibrium with the cold vastness of space, at approximately 3 kelvin."
Only if: * you first remove the atmosphere of the earth. * The parabolic reflector is a perfect insulator.
[MFD bad science removed. I don't feel like it's bad as much as misunderstanding the principles involved. The parabolic shape works well to cool something at its focus because none of the heat radiated by that object will be reflected back at it. If you want to cool a large thing like the roof of a house you'd be better off letting the whole thing radiate normally rather than letting only a small area radiate slightly more efficiently. The cooling below ambient that has been observed is because you are changing the environment, not surprising that you see achange the environmental (or ambient) temperature.]
[-] For using already baked (and quite nifty) 'parabolic oven as freezer' concept to actually reduce the cooling efficiency of a flat roof.-- st3f, Aug 08 2006 No, it /isn't/ bad science, it should /not/ be mfd and if you read the discussion before commenting, you should see that the effects of the atmosphere and insulation or lack there of have been integrated. It just blows me away that people can't accept that the use of the parabolic reflector /has been demonstrated to work!/ I personally have seen this effect when demonstrating dew collection for survival classes years ago. The water in the bottom of the plastic lined bucket we used to collect dew became ice covered on a night that never got much below 70'F. I don't have the exact temperatures or details, but in retrospect, that is what was happening. And the very first link clearly shows that it does, in fact, work.-- James Newton, Aug 08 2006 [st3f], I agree that the atmosphere is a problem, but I wouldn't be so confident about calling this bad science. Note that a "time" factor is not really mentioned, and it is important, too. The dark side of the Moon, for example, has two weeks to radiate into space before it sees the Sun again, and even with essentially no atmosphere its temperature doesn't reach 3 Kelvin. This is because of the "thermal mass" of the radiating landscape; it simply takes more time for that thermal energy to be radiated away than two weeks --and when the Sun shines on that landscape again, it re-acquires as much thermal energy as it lost.
So, an object at the focal point of the proposed reflector here has thermal mass, too. It will need to be mounted in a vacuum, so that convection/conduction of atmosphere doesn't bring heat to it as fast as it radiates away. Also, the parabolic mirror will need to be either SERIOUSLY parabolic, or located at the end of a tube, like a telescope. The object at the focal point needs to be shielded from radiant energy arriving from all around.
I think that if the other end of the tube was the glass vacuum seal, and if there was a light-proof cover that could be employed in the daytime, AND if the Object-to-be cooled wasn't part of a cooling system (where heat is added to it, for radiating), then enough night-time exposure of the Object, possibly months, could get its temperature most of the way to 3 degrees Kelvin. Do remember that the ancient Romans, in the North African desert, made "ice wine" by digging a pit and putting low-alcohol beverage into it, and using straw and such in the daytime to shield it from the Sun. After a few nights, the water got cold enough to partly freeze, yielding ice that the Romans simply picked off and threw away, and the percentage of alcohol to the remaining water in the beverage went up significantly.
So I'd say the only fault with this Idea is that it is unrealistic about the time factor, needed for significant cooling. Not what you said.-- Vernon, Aug 08 2006 Where did you get that about "ice wine"? All I can find refers to making wine from frozen grapes.//could get its temperature most of the way to 3 degrees Kelvin//Doesn't matter how long you leave it, you're not getting down to 3 degrees. The equivalent sky temp is higher than that. Much higher. Think about it. At 3 degrees K, oxygen and nitrogen would freeze solid. Not bloody likely!-- ldischler, Aug 08 2006 I like that Roman Ice wine maneuver. Sort of the opposite of distilling: instead of driving the alcohol off, collecting it and adding it to flavored water, drive the water off and keep what is left. The stuff left might be very yeasty, but it is all nutritous.-- bungston, Aug 08 2006 It's the way they make ice beer, execpt they use Freon.-- ldischler, Aug 08 2006 It's also how you make apple jack.-- Worldgineer, Aug 08 2006 Neglecting conduction & convection is a huge suspension of disbelief, but that's ok on the HB.[+]
Radiant heat goes as fast as the difference between the squares of the absolute temperatures. Conduction/convection often go linearly with the diff only (not diff of squares). So, radiancy only dominates at really high delta T's. It's highly unlikely to have enough insulation to do this on earth.
It could work to cool ships in space, but there is little need for that, as they are already radiating from every surface into 3 K.
Of course, all of the above is of course nothing new to 1/2 the anno'ers and the author.-- sophocles, Aug 09 2006 No, it's not bad science, it's good.
I think it was clear early on that you couldn't get down to 3K because of the atmosphere, but the principle is still good, the idea valid - and probably worth implementing.
Making a rough calculation is easier if ignore factors like conduction and convection. They are difficult to calculate without making assumptions about size, shape and temperature of the hot body, the materials, and the surroundings.
When you came to design a real system, you'd take measures to minimise conduction and convection. But in this case, to work out "will it work or not", it makes sense to ignore them.
Again, making simplifications about the reflector allow a "will it work" kind of assessment. In practice, it doesn't have to be a perfect insulator (or a perfect reflector) - the better it is at insulating (and reflecting), the better the performance of the cooler.
But it would *still* work, with real, every-day materials, to achieve real, practical cooling.
For me, that's a shock. When I first saw the idea I was totally sceptical, for all the reasons discussed.-- Frankx, Aug 09 2006 Anyone wanting to conduct experiments, please use real sheet metal & not aluminum foil. My 4' dia parabolic hot dog cooker was a total failure due to wrinkles, I think. (my half a... math told me it should have worked).
"Ah-Loo-Mihn-EE-Uhm?"-- Zimmy, Aug 09 2006 [ldischler], "ice wine" was something I read about decades ago, before the Internet. I am surprised, though, that you couldn't find a reference. Next, regarding what I actually wrote, and what you quoted, instead of what you talked about, "could get its temperature most of the way to 3 degrees Kelvin", do note I left at least one hedge in that. If ordinary temperature is about 300Kelvin, then "most of the way to 3K only needs to be 51% of 300-3.... :) I agree that there is a problem with radiant energy from the atmosphere coming down the parabola/tube, and I agree that you can't reach 3K because of it. Still, the column of air above the parabola/tube has a small target to radiate into; it mostly radiates in all directions...so I think some significant degree of cooling is possible.-- Vernon, Aug 11 2006 Perhaps a parabola at the bottom coupled with a tower of some excellent insulating material. The tower would limit the mass of air that could radiate into the ice and get you closer to your 3'K. This would also allow many units to be placed right next to each other and allow placement right next to buildings, trees or other objects that would otherwise act as heat sources.
I know from experience that if you lie at the bottom of a tall enough smoke stack, close up the opening so it is dark inside and wait for your eyes to adjust, you can see stars in the middle of the day. I wonder if that same effect would allow our water to freeze duing the day... Assuming the stack was not pointed at the sun! I remember it being darn cold in that furnace, but I think that was just the earth around it.-- James Newton, Aug 11 2006 Wait a minute! [-]
YOU ARE RADIATING TO THE AIR RIGHT ABOVE YOU (not outer space), which is near ambient, and has very low delta T, across which convection would be dominate by far.
(You are not radiating to space since air is in the way. Just the same that you wouldn't point it down and go through the earth first.)
Also, you're talking about a parabola with a focal point of outer-space? So, that would essentially be a completely flat surface on the earth.-- sophocles, Aug 11 2006 // YOU ARE RADIATING TO THE AIR RIGHT ABOVE YOU //
I agree....but what if the whole radiation bit of this was put on top of a huge well-insulated tower sticking out of the atmosphere ?
It's the Halfbakery, so you're allowed to huge towers sticking into space I think...-- monojohnny, Aug 16 2006 sophocles, given what you say, how do you think the experiment in [1] got a temperature below ambient temperature?-- jutta, Aug 16 2006 sophocles is not entirely right. The atmosphere is generally opaque to long wave radiation, but there are many windows, so the effective sky temperature can be 10 to 15 degrees C cooler than the surface air. (Obviously it has to be cooler, or the earth would never lose any heat.)-- ldischler, Aug 16 2006 For your air conditioning use you would want to use a parabola which was constructed using heat conductive metal such as aluminum. You would run your coolant through the entire parabola probably as rings of tubes on the back side. In this configuration the entire dish becomes your radiating surface while the parabola also provides the shielding walls. You would coat the dish with high emissive white paint. The cooling of your system in this configuration would be 50 to 80 watts per square meter depending on ambient conditions. If your fluid is substantially warmer than ambient the rate of emission goes up. Efficiency will be higher if you can shield it from convective heating, wind and dew which is particularly important when your fluid temperature drops below ambient. I tend to think the additional cost of fabricating the parabola would be enough to encourage use of easier to install flat panels. Whenever your ambient temperatures are below your coolant temperatures you will use a standard convective radiator (Like and automobile) to bring the fluid down to ambient. Once the fluid reaches ambient then the convective radiators would be removed from the loop to continue cooling below ambient.
The experiment by the BYU professor “Parabolic oven as freezer” would seem to confirm your hypothesis since they obtained 20F differentials. Upon a more extensive review of literature it appears that the same 20F differential has been obtained using simple flat panel radiators.
A study funded by EPA which indicates that rate of transmission of black body radiation is limited by the size of the object and that it’s rate of transfer can not be increased by any combination of mirrors or reflectors. All other references I have been able to find are also negative on that parabola or cone having the effect you expect.
I suspect that what happened in the BYU test is the reflective foil prevented infrared in the local environment from reaching and re-warming their water while the reflector also ensured that most long wave (blackbody) energy shed by the object was reflected away. The double polyethylene bags minimized local convective heating. It appears the funnel wasn’t doing anything significant that a broad flat surface and reflective sides would not also have done. It did provide a deep pooling area for cold air which helps prevent wind re-warming. The funnel shown would create a condition where some of the long waves radiated from the sides of the object would actually bounce back into the object causing it to cool at a slower rate than a simple flat radiator. The guys at BYU are pretty bright and I am hoping that my analysis is wrong.
According to the literature the theoretical maximum for long wave radiation heat loss in dry air is 110 watts per square meter of radiator surface although one patent claims 150. Under many conditions 70 to 80 watts sq meter is the max in dry air and 50 to 60 in humid air with the system not working at all when covered by thick clouds which emit about as much as they absorb
The amount radiated is tied directly to the surface area of the radiator, its emmisivity and it's temperature. Your idea of using the parabola to radiate for a smaller object in the center will not work because the blackbody energy radiated is limited to the surface area of the object in the center. The object in the center may get cold but it will not move the amount of energy you are hoping for. You could heat the entire parabola and it would provide roughly the same functionality as an equivalent surface area of flat black plate. The interesting thing about the parabola is that it pretty much prevents long heat waves (blackbody) from other objects especially those below and to the sides from interfering with the process by re-warming the cooled object.
The literature indicates average cooling tends to be 5F to 7F below ambient and a few mentioned 20F. It appears that convective heating and dew point tend to be the key limiters. As I mentioned below a deep parabola would help minimize convective warming by creating a stagnant air zone where cold air could pool. I would be interested in the maximum real cooling achieved by your tests.
Do you have any links to your original science for the using a parabolic mirror to radiate away blackbody energy from the point of focus?
What a parabola would to a particularly good job of is ensuring that no other objects emitting long waves are unable to reach the cooled object from the sides or bottom. It would also ensure that any long waves emitted from the sides of the object are bounced away into space rather than bouncing back into the object. Depending on the depth or aim point it would also block long waves from shallow angles (closer to horizon) from reaching the object in the center. It may appear that the parabola is actually focusing the heat way but heat radiated away is still limited by the sum of the exposed surfaces of the cooled object in the center. In addition depending on it’s emissivity the parabola surface would cool rapidly due to the same factors and as a result cold air tend to pool in the bottom of the parabola which provides a nice cold stagnant insulating layer surrounding the object in the center which helps reduce convective heating of that object. The aerodynamic shape of the parabola can help prevent wind from stripping the stagnant insulating layer away which can improve overall thermal performance under moderate wind.
Air is relatively transparent to long wave radiation so while these waves will have moderate absorptive warming of local air most of this type of heat energy will travel a considerable distance. The further the energy can travel before it is absorbed the higher the likely hood that whatever absorbed it will miss your object when it is re-emitted. Humid air absorbs and emits more long wave energy which is one reason efficiency goes down in humid environments.
I think a close to ideal shape would be a broad warm flat radiating plate that is surrounded by a fairly deep parabola designed for a focus point at least 3X the width of the radiator plate high. The deeper the parabolic sides can be made the better they will work to prevent convective heating and wind losses but it may be cheaper to use a thin polyethylene sheet stretched across the top of the walls. The bottom of the radiator would obviously need to be shielded protected from picking up heat from the ground or roof. I would go with high emissive white paint to minimize warming from the sun.
One final point is that on a clear night the amount of energy received from direct overhead is so little that it can be considered statistical noise when compared to convective, wind and dew heating. The real question is how much energy is being shed versus how much energy is being absorbed. The night sky doesn't emit much heat so it is an obvious place to aim the radiator. What is really happening is that a majority of heat (long wave radiation) is being absorbed by the air before it ever reaches space but it will have traveled a considerable distance before it is absorbed. When the heat is is reemitted it tends to go in all directions so very little is even remotely aimed at your cooled object and the further it goes before being absorbed the harder it is to aim at a relatively small object.
You have obviously been looking at this longer than I have so I would be interested in your opinion.
NOTE: Convective heat exchange is good as along as your radiating surface temperature is above ambient. It is actually much more efficient to let a brisk wind carry heat away than it is to radiate it away.
Thanks joe@xdobs-- joeatxdobs, Aug 16 2006 Hot air rises. The hot stuff at the top of the atmosphere will both (1. expand and thus cool. 2. exchange heat with space).
The experiment didn't seem too rigorous. A little bit of moisture evaporating off can explain much cooling in dry desert climates.
A more rigorous test would be to have units side-by-side, one with "blackbody radiative" surfaces, and the other, identical, but with lower emissivity surfaces. Compare to get the differences that are strictly due to radiation to space (or atmosphere).-- sophocles, Aug 16 2006 [joeatxdobs] //You have obviously been looking at this longer than I have// Uhh, from the -incredibly- detailed analysis in your anno (thanks), I'm not sure that's really true. The basic principle came to me in a flash and the exposition of the detailed workings came as I wrote. The annos here (positive and negative) have helped me enormously in working through this and halfbaking workarounds for some of the objections.
Of course I was way over the top in talking about liquid nitrogen type temperatures.
Re your point about costs vs flat panels: I should clarify that I'm thinking of arrays of small linear parabolic troughs in a sheet arrangement, rather than a single full 3-D parabola. The elements of the linear system could be roll-formed or stamped, assembled in continuous line processes and cut to the required length; connectors and end seals would then be added.
I like your suggestion about using an auxiliary radiator to equalise with ambient. On the other hand, I could see that the existing pipe network I describe above could be used as that ambient air radiator, by opening and closing the transparent cover over each trough.
An engineer recently mentioned to me that there is a size threshhold for air gaps, below which thermal induced air circulation is suppressed (ie it stays still). Still air is an effective insulator, apparently.
So, a sensor compares fluid temperature with ambient air, and pops open the lid of each channel when the air is colder than the fluid. The pooling effect you mentioned helps here. With the lid open, air can move freely through the system and conduct away heat.
When the fluid approaches ambient, the lid pops down again, trapping the cold air in a below-convection-threshhold sized space. The still air won't be as effective an insulator as vacuum, but a hell of a lot cheaper to make. The system then operates as a night-sky IR radiator as originally discussed.
Thus you have a hybrid night-air/night-sky system.
//a nice cold stagnant insulating layer surrounding the object in the center// Oh yeah. What you said.
I picture the lid being a single piece structure for each sheet in a modular trough system, with a single open/close mechanism to reduce cost and complexity. To reduce wind loading I imagine it would pop straight out a few inches but stay parallel to the surface, rather than hinging up like a door.
Just out of interest [joe] what's your background? Are you in engineering or HVAC/refrig work?
[sophocles] //Hot air rises. The hot stuff at the top of the atmosphere will both (1. expand and thus cool. 2. exchange heat with space).// Sure, but it will also be replaced pretty quickly with air from below and beside.
//YOU ARE RADIATING TO THE AIR RIGHT ABOVE YOU (not outer space)// Yes, but only to the IR opaque portion of the atmosphere, ie the greenhouse gases. I admit this is a more significant factor than I first realised, hence my burblings about magic IR one way mirrors and fluorophores.
//Also, you're talking about a parabola with a focal point of outer-space?// No. The focal point is the radiator tube in the centre. Radiation from this point comes out of the system all moving in parallel straight lines upwards.
In all the above, "parabola" is really shorthand for "mathematically optimum shape which I suspect is a compound parabola but modelling or realworld tests may prove otherwise". If the reflector becomes the fluid carrier and there is no central object to focus on, then other shapes may be optimum. In a design for real-world manufacture and installation, cost and reliability are definitely optimising factors.
For example:
[James Newton] // a parabola at the bottom coupled with a tower of some excellent insulating material // Here the problem would be preventing the inside of the tower itself radiating back into the system. The theoretical optimum parabola/chimney combination is a single, very steep and deep parabola so no re-reflection occurs. And the higher the tower/parabola, the more expensive, the more insulation required, etc etc. [joeatxdobs] your height of 3x plate width sounds reasonable. Is that a guess, an educated guess, or did you do some figurin'?
//at the bottom of a tall enough smoke stack ... you can see stars in the middle of the day. I wonder if that same effect would allow our water to freeze duing the day... // I suspect it may, given enough time. There's a huge abandoned smokestack just around the corner from my house as a matter of fact. I'm gonna do me some stargazing.-- BunsenHoneydew, Aug 27 2006 Instead of inventing a completely new method of refrigeration, why not combine this with more conventional refrigeration methods to increase efficiency. Replace the conventional condenser coil, which relies on convection and conduction, with a cosmic radiator, and the efficiency should be increased since the effective sky temperature is lower than ambient air temperature (at night,) and it wouldn't require forced air. Also, I think the necessary surface area of the radiator would be reduced since the temperature of the refrigerant would be elevated by compression. Combined with a storage scheme, you could have efficient cooling utilizing off-peak electricity.
Alternately, if an absorbtion chiller is used, the radiator could be used to absorb energy from the sun during the day. The sun provides heat for the absorbtion chiller while a convection/conduction type exchange is used for cooling water. At night the process is reversed, with the cosmic radiator providing the cooling water and the convection/conduction exchange providing heat from off-peak electricity.
Or... another possible absorbtion scheme is to store the suns heat during the day, and then use the stored heat at night, while the radiator is providing cooling water and the resulting chilled water/refrigerant is stored for use during the following day.-- dc46and2, Sep 08 2006 Dc, you ought to post your ideas. If you bury them in the annos, likely they won't get discussed.-- ldischler, Sep 08 2006 Thanks, I just didn't think it was different enough to justify a "new" idea.-- dc46and2, Sep 08 2006 [bm-gub] //Incident from below: night-sky radiation bouncing off a mirror//
Ah hell. I'm trying to imagine a way of eliminating this through geometry or materials but so far all I'm getting is a headache. Perhaps this is where the IR fluorophore comes in...
[Heathera] //coldest thinnest slice of the atmosphere - straight up./// I'm less and less sure that matters, as it appears from [ldischler]'s correct-sounding argument that it's the temperature of the target that matters, not the heat capacity. The bit of atmosphere at 200K you're aiming at is continuously being refreshed by new bits of atmosphere at the same temperature. But trying to think clearly about that is adding to the headache.-- BunsenHoneydew, Feb 06 2007 Wow Bunsen this is about the same conversation as Mercury 2.0 turned into, except without the atmosphere. I thought you took off on my idea until I read the dates. Good conversation, I think I have it all figured out but this probably doesn't need to be commented on other than I am impressed by the thought process, and I am jealous of all the buns.-- MercuryNotMars, Feb 06 2007 Space is cold because it's a vacuum, and therefore light doesn't get absorbed by it. The background radiation does not cool space down, but it actually heats it up to 3K, and without this cosmic background radiation space would be at 0K (also, without all the rest of the radiation too). All that you are doing when you focus this microwave radiation at a point is increasing the flux of the poynting vector at that point---more watts per square meter times area---i.e. heating that point up.-- quantum_flux, Feb 07 2007 //I am jealous of all the buns//The buns are not redeemable, unfortunately. But if they were, they'd probably be like .02 cents each.-- ldischler, Feb 07 2007 I saw something like this in an old Mother Earth News - the guy had built his refrigerator from scratch, and had coolant lines that went to a big heat exchanger on his roof. Yes, he lived in the American Southwest, so cool dry nights were the norm.
The refrigerant dumped a lot of heat to the sky during the night, and just sat in the reservoir in the chilled space during the day. There may have been a valve in there somewhere, I forget. The neatest part was how his total electrical load for the fridge was 1/2 kwh per year, to run the bulb.
It won't work here in TN. Muggy nights make the sky itself a heat source.-- elhigh, Feb 09 2007 [quantum_flux] - //All that you are doing when you focus this microwave radiation at a point is increasing the flux of the poynting vector at that point---more watts per square meter times area---i.e. heating that point up.//
Yes, heating that point up - but heating it from a 3K* source, while it re-radiates at closer to 300K. I can live with that.
What interests me about your anno is this: is it better** to gather the CBR from as small as possible an area of sky, as large as possible, or it makes no difference?
The first suggest a parabolic mirror, and the third just any old shape.
* alas, here under that pesky atmosphere, we only have access to a ~200K source. Still the point is the same
** "better" meaning fewer watts at the focus.
I like the pun of "poynting vectors" but I have no idea what they are.
[elhigh] - yes, I'm picturing something like this pre-packaged in a shipping container for remote communities in the Australian outback. Should save a fortune in diesel.-- BunsenHoneydew, Feb 09 2007 // the theoretical maximum for / heat loss in dry air is 110 watts per square meter / although one patent claims 150. Under many conditions 70 to 80 watts sq meter is the max in dry air and 50 to 60 in humid air //
Which makes this a heck-load more efficient than a solar-panel powered conventional refrigeration plant, both in terms of area and cost of materials.
// energy radiated is limited to the surface area of the object in the center //
Take the original circular cross-section tube and compound parabolic cross-section reflector. Extend the tube in the centre horizontally to the greatest structurally sound width possible, making it a hollow flat plate. Extend the cone-shaped bit of the reflector underneath to suit. You end up with a double-sided flat plate emitter, one side radiating straight up, and the other side radiating via the compound mirror.-- BunsenHoneydew, Oct 23 2007 I think the concepts behind this have been baked for centuries. The old ice houses in Iran (Shiraz and Esfahan) used to use night sky radiation to make sheet ice in winter and then store them in large subterranian structures to last through summer. The skytherm house in Atascadero, CA by Harold Hay is another use of this idea.-- energy guy, Oct 23 2007 [TIB] has come up with a practical version of the enormous funnel of void. Separate the heat emission dish from the ground by flying it aboard a blimp and piping refrigerant back and forth.-- BunsenHoneydew, May 21 2008 A parabolic dish wouldn't be the optimal shape., preferably one would use a parabolic trough identical to the ones used for solar thermal. as mentioned you're trying to get the maximum amount of isolated surface area focused on the emptiest portion of sky, you don't need point focus so much as a linear focus. also due to angle of refraction it might be advisable to verify if pointing straight up is the optimum angle.
finally to limit convection and conduction, the obvious answer is to build the devise in an evacuated box. This is identical to the boxes used for radiant solar heating, that have evacuated tubes or the whole box is evacuated. Which makes me wonder, what's stopping a radiant solar heater from being purposed into a solar cooler at night? or what prevents them from acting as one?
Also a similar concept instead of using the sky as a heat sink, you can use the ground which always stays around 60 degs year round below a certain depth. it's called ground source heat pumping and is very baked-- metarinka, May 28 2010 I suspect that even if one could come up with the cleverest parabolic shape reflector design possible, insulated everything to the nth degree and then pointed it to the coldest part of the universe you wouldn't cool anything if you submerged the whole apparatus in a swimming pool of warm water. Think of the atmosphere as the warm, conductive medium and you have the same outcome.-- AusCan531, Sep 04 2012 It has taken so long to wade all the replies, now I have forgotten what I was about to contribute.-- Lesser Spotted Kiwi, Sep 04 2012 [metarinka] // preferably one would use a parabolic trough //
Parabolic troughs were mentioned in the original post, and several times in the annos. They were always my intended form, not a circular cross-section dish.
Compound parabolas account for the fact that the central pipe is not a line of zero width. See [link 2]
// This is identical to the boxes used for radiant solar heating / what's stopping a radiant solar heater from being purposed into a solar cooler at night? //
That ... is an excellent point.
Using [joeatxdobs]'s figures for watts per square meter above, and the dimensions of a standard 20 foot shipping container, I get a total cooling capacity of about a kilowatt. Which is, admittedly, disappointing, but if the materials were cheap enough, could be a useful supplement to conventional refrigeration.
[AusCan531] Yes, the existence of the atmosphere - blocking some, but not all, frequencies of longwave radiation - has been extensively discussed in the annos. The conclusion was that the night sky is a ~200K radiative source/sink, not a 3K source/sink. Still useful. Various hypothetical workarounds have been proposed - IR fluorophores, one-way IR mirrors.-- BunsenHoneydew, Dec 30 2012 This concept is entirely new for me, and makes a lot of sense. I'll see the links later [+]-- piluso, Dec 30 2012 In 6 yrs have you tried it?-- Brian the Painter, Dec 31 2012 I bunned it for the effort, but as others have said, convection is the real enemy here. Cheers.-- kevinthenerd, May 08 2017 It should be trivial to build a shallow pool with an automatic cover that goes on when the sun comes out or on cloudy days and comes off at night. Then run water pipes through it and you'll have your 60 watts of cooling per square meter, no?-- Voice, Oct 30 2017 Oh, I came here to add a [link] and I see [xaviergisz] has already done so.
Science yo!-- BunsenHoneydew, May 15 2019 // I read a book on potential Lunar industries that mentioned cooling reflectors. I think the author had a patent. I'll see if I can find something. [+]
[Later] Neil Ruzic, it was, but the patent was issued before 1976, so the patent site doesn't have it. //
Found it [link]: US3355050A "Lunar cryostat" by Neil P. Ruzic, filed 1964-09-02 with the "United States Patent Ofihce" (bad OCR, I guess). I'm glad I no longer live before Google Patents existed.
The device is said to operate during lunar night (due to not receiving radiation from the Sun), and to operate better on the far side of the Moon (due to not receiving radiation from Earth). The patent describes a passive stack of concentric bowls mounted on the lunar surface. Each bowl has a highly reflective lower surface and a highly absorbent/emissive upper surface.
This seems to me intended to provide for the refrigeree an environment similar to being in deep space, not near any hot object. The absorbent surface of the bowl facing the refrigeree absorbs its radiated heat, not as well as space would, but better than the lunar surface would, assuming it's nearly as cold as space.
It won't start working at full capacity immediately, I think. You'll have to wait a while for each bowl to cool down, and each bowl only cools by radiating from the gap between itself and the bowl it contains. Therefore, the rims of the bowls will cool faster than their bottoms.
I have a nagging feeling that it can't work, due to something like violating a physical law, but I can't think of a rational reason why it wouldn't work.
From the point of view of space, being radiated into, it seems that each bowl provides for the next smallest bowl (only slightly due to the reflective surface of the latter), and the whole device provides for the refrigeree, a larger radiating area (as well as protection from being warmed back up by the lunar surface's thermal radiation, so the lunar surface should be slightly warmer under and around the device). The effective radiating area to space provided for the refrigeree, however, is only about the area of the innermost bowl. It's increased slightly by the very small radiation from that bowl's lower surface—which is reflective—to the next biggest bowl, and from there to space/further bowls, but it's decreased slightly or more (depending on the power being radiated by the refrigeree) by the innermost bowl being slightly or more warmer than space. The area of the innermost bowl covered up by the refrigeree should be about the same as the space-facing area of the refrigeree (?).
For cooldown of the device, the effective radiating area for determining the innermost bowl's cooldown curve is a bit smaller than if all of the bowls were at the temperature of space, because the outer ones are kept warmer by the lunar surface's radiation. On the other hand, the effective radiating area should (?) be larger than the area of a circle covering its aperture, due to the invaginations formed between the bowls (though I still don't understand how that helps). But both of these effects should be very small for the innermost bowl, because of the reflective outer surfaces of the bowls resulting in very little radiation from inner bowls to outer bowls.
From the point of view of the refrigeree, though, its effective radiating area is only slightly or more (depending on the power it's radiating) less than its own total surface area, due to the innermost bowl being slightly or more warmer than space, due to being heated by the refrigeree's radiation. Therefore, the bowl doesn't, by its greater area, increase how fast the refrigeree cools down vs. a hypothetical identical refrigeree in deep space. It only spreads that same radiant flux over a larger emitting area, and therefore is cooler than the refrigeree but warmer than space. Therefore, the device is not a heat pump and does not improve the radiation of heat by the refrigeree; it only is only a radiant insulator/reflective (in the direction sense) re-radiator that prevents absorption of most of the lunar surface's radiation and lets the refrigeree effectively radiate over more of its own surface area. Therefore, it would not be useful to cool a whole spacecraft in deep space, because that already has use of its whole surface area to radiate and is not near a heat source to counteract its radiative cooling, though it could be used to keep one part of a spacecraft cool when the rest of the spacecraft is warm.
Also therefore, I am unconvinced that bowls that are black on top and reflective on the bottom, as specified, are any more effective for this purpose than bowls that are reflective on both sides. Such doubly-reflective bowls would cool down more slowly due to not having any good radiating surface, but I suspect it would actually be only slightly slower than bowls reflective on one side and black on the other, just because those would reabsorb a lot of their own radiation (after it reflects off of the neighboring bowl), just as effectively as they emit it (because it doesn't change wavelength between emission and reabsorption, and any material necessarily has equal emission and absorption at a given wavelength). Therefore, only the radiation that goes directly to space (directly out the gap) is helpful in cooling the bowl overall (not considering moving heat from the bottom to the rim), meaning bowls that are black on one side and reflective on the other are equivalent to bowls that are doubly-reflective except being black around their rims.
What might be more effective, but probably wouldn't be, for the same reason, except for the innermost bowl, which is what matters, are bowls that are reflective on the top and black on the bottom, except for the outermost bowl, which is reflective on both sides. That would provide approximately the same environment for the refrigeree, though with greater power handling due to the innermost bowl not heating up as much from the refrigeree's radiation, and not having its emission toward the refrigeree affected as much by it being heated up, and it would also cause the bowls to cool down a bit faster and stay a bit cooler, just because each bowl would radiate via the gap between itself and the next larger bowl rather than via the gap between itself and the next smaller bowl, and also (very slightly) because its outer-surface surface area would be slightly larger than its inner-surface surface area.
The patent notes that //It will be understood that various modifications and variations may be effected without departing from the spirit or scope of the novel concepts of my invention.//, but does not mention the most obvious and probably most popular variation: making the device in a linear form (i.e. a trough) rather than a bowl. That makes a lot of things easier: circulating a working fluid or train of solids through the device as part of a closed-loop cooling system, continuous cryoprocessing of a stream of workpieces or fluid, scalability of the device, manufacturing the device, etc.
// "Where The Winds Sleep" was the name of the book. //
It has a foreword by Wernher von Braun. Its subtitle is "Man's future on the Moon, a projected history". The chapters are: "2045: The Moon Today, a Travelog; 1975: Exploration; 1980: Mysteries of the Moon; 1985: Science Without Air; 1990: You Can See More Worlds from Here; 1995: Free Cold; 2000: Free Motion; 2005: Mining the Moon; 2010: Factories in Vacuum and Weightlessness; 2015: Cities Underground; 2020: The Lunarians; 2025: The Astrodomes; 2030: Farming the Moon; 2035: The Planets, the Stars; 2040: Friends and Monsters". The Internet Archive has it, but you have to log in and borrow it if you want more than the front matter and the first page of the index. (I didn't know they did that kind of stuff!) You might find it at other libraries too.-- notexactly, Aug 13 2019 ^ also my "Lunar Railway" post, wherein the solar-sidereal "nightside train" constantly pumps heat into the black sky (and splits to either side when the Earth is in the way).
I'm not sure how concentric bowls would be superior to the reasonably obvious : a black pipe inside a parabolic'ish reflective trough (on Earth, that inside an evacuated tube to minimize conductive involvement).
Relevant factors are the wavelengths of absorption for the output temperature(black-body), pipe, reflective trough, encasing tube, and atmosphere.
Perhaps a heat-pump could get involved to bump the temperature up (or maybe down) to bypass components' absorption lines in inconvenient places.-- FlyingToaster, Aug 21 2019 If the goal is practical cooling, forget the parabolic dishes or troughs and have a large, flat emitting surface (for example the entire roof of the shipping container).
Provide a low wall of reflective material around the edge only.
Picture a flat baking tray. Paint the floor of the tray white, and line the vertical sides with reflective foil. Now scale it up.
In the case of a solar collector, the potential temperature is greatly increased by concentrating the sun's rays onto a small area because the sun approximates a point source. In contrast, the radiative temperature of the night sky is relatively uniform (you can check this with an infrared thermometer, or by looking at FLIR images).
Also, the power of a collector is proportional to the total area, including the dish (if any). In contrast, the power of an emitter is proportional to the area of the radiator alone _excluding_ the reflector, other things being equal.
In other words, focussing on a small area of sky will result in a slight decrease in theoretical temperature at the cost of a drastic decrease in the rate of cooling.-- spidermother, Oct 04 2020 //Ofihce//
Google Translate recognizes that as Czech. Apparently it means "office".
I was surprised - it looked more Turkish to me.-- pertinax, Oct 05 2020 I am going to test these things out... and then... well, you know. Stuff will happen, 'cause... well, it just does is all. Y'know?...-- 2 fries shy of a happy meal, Jan 31 2021 Ahh, cuz you have one of those satellite dish thingies and are reinterpreting the owners manual portion that begins "Caution: under no circumstances should you..."-- whatrock, Jan 31 2021 Owners Manuals are for wussies. I'm just going to play is all.-- 2 fries shy of a happy meal, Jan 31 2021 Fine, fine, just take note of the stenciled label that reads "THIS SIDE TOWARDS ENEMY" ...-- 8th of 7, Jan 31 2021 // If I can dig up a fluorophore that can give me two greenhouse-invisible photons for every near-IR one //
[link] added - someone’s only gone and commercialised this already O_0-- BunsenHoneydew, Feb 25 2023 Congratulations; here is your fiftieth bun: [+].-- pertinax, Feb 25 2023 If it’s practical and it works etc, in what way is this a halfbaked idea?-- xenzag, Aug 20 2023 [zenzag] Exactly! this is perfect candidate for the inaugural item on the FLFBG. Maybe even the Kindergarten...-- minoradjustments, Aug 21 2023 random, halfbakery